Environ Toxicol Chem. 2001 Mar;20(3):597-607. Effects of chronic Cd exposure via the diet or water on internal organ-specific distribution and subsequent gill Cd uptake kinetics in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Szebedinszky C(1), McGeer JC, McDonald DG, Wood CM. 6 times the risk of dying from poison: Consider fixing between 2 and 4 pCi/L: 1.3 pCi/L: About 20 people could get lung cancer (Average indoor radon level) (Reducing radon levels below 2 pCi/L is difficult.) 0.4 pCi/L: About 3 people could get lung cancer (Average outdoor radon level) Note: If you are a former smoker, your risk may be lower.

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Key facts about children’s exposure to violence

• In 2014, nearly two-fifths of children ages 17 and younger reported being a witness to violence in their lifetimes (38 percent); this proportion was almost twice as high for children ages 14 to 17 (68 percent).
• The percentage of children who reported experiencing physical assault in the past year was lower in 2014 than in 2008, but the percentage of children who reported experiencing maltreatment rose over the same period.
• In 2014, a higher percentage of male children than females reported lifetime experience of physical assault and witnessing assault in the community, while the opposite was true for witnessing family assault.

Exposure and Dose Rates

The differences in exposure and dose are very subtle. Basically, exposure is the amount of radiation in the area, and dose is the amount of that radiation expected to be absorbed by a person. For gamma rays, there is approximately a one-to-one ratio between exposure rate and dose rate. One (1) milliRoentgen per hour (mR/h) is approximately 10,000 nanoSieverts per hour (nSv/h).

EPA presents dose rate in the international unit of nanoSieverts per hour for easy comparison with international monitoring stations. In the US, dose is commonly expressed as millirems. One (1) nanoSievert is equivalent to 0.0001 millirems (one ten-thousandth of a millirem).

Variations in Rates

Changes in environmental conditions often cause variations in exposure/dose rates. Exposure rate may vary at one site over time, and from monitor to monitor as a result of: Png optimizer software.

• Changes in weather, such as precipitation and changes in atmospheric pressure.
• Cosmic radiation (increases with altitude and also varies continually due to changes in the sun’s patterns and all other radiation hitting the earth from space).
• Terrestrial radiation (types of radionuclides in the soil and building materials near the monitor).

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Typical Exposure and Dose Rates

The table below shows typical amounts of radiation in exposure units of milliRoentgen/hour (mR/h) and the international dose equivalent of nanoSieverts/hour (nSv/h).

¹Data from U.S. Geological Survey, summarized by Health Physics Society. Environmental Radiation Fact Sheet, Figure 3 (PDF)(6 pp, 635.47 K, About PDF)Exit

² Data from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and summarized by Health Physics Society. Environmental Radiation Fact Sheet, Figure 2 (PDF)(6 pp, 635.47 K, About PDF) Exit

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³ Feng YJ, Chen WR, Sun TP, Duan SY, Jia BS, Zhang HL. Estimated cosmic radiation doses for flight personnel. Space Med Eng 15(4):265–269; 2002.

Learn about radiation sources and doses or calculate your estimated annual radiation dose.